Class Distinction in Pygmalion Essay -- essays research papers

The play Pygmalion offers the readers a view on the theme of class distinction, and the problem of the barriers separating classes and people. Shaw reveals to us the truth about the artificiality of classes and how anybody can overcome them, He also shows us that society puts up high standards and that people are distinguished by their way of speaking, and their appearance alone and of course that's wrong. In the first act of Pygmalion, Shaw chooses a setting that really helped shedding light on this theme, for he chose the st. portico square between the church and the theatre, a setting that embraced everybody from different classes and made them all clash under one place for shelter. The gathering of all those different characters, and the way Shaw introduced everybody not by their real names, but by other names, show us that society puts artificial barriers for the differentiation between the rich and the poor. But as the play progresses each character's point of view about the classes is presented in different situations. Henry Higgins the phonetician sees the difference between the rich and the poor through their outside appearance, how they talk, walk, dress and eat. Professor Higgins sees that the barriers between classes could be over come in six months, and that changing somebody's looks and their way of pronouncing words means upgrading them to a higher social class, but in spite of this, he treats people equally, and his behavior is absolute rudeness to all. Professor Higgins' rudeness is an embarrassment to his mother Mrs. Higgins, who knows how to treat everybody with respect, and who isn?t fooled by Eliza's good looks and ways of talking. Mrs. Higgins can stil... ... first act they are seen dressed in elegant clothes and waiting for a taxi just like any rich person would do. When they meet Eliza in Mrs. Higgins' house, they are fooled by her appearance and they mistake her for a lady, Clara gets very impressed by Eliza's "new small talk" and Freddy falls for her. So its true, looks can be deceiving, but looks shouldn?t be the one thing that separates classes. Shaw wanted to show people how artificial the barriers are and he succeeded in that, Eliza the poor cockney girl goes to the ambassador's party and is mistaken for a duchess, and her father Alfred Doolittle, he is seen in the last act all well dressed and was considered by people as a middle class man. All that leads us to the conclusion that barriers can be crossed and that society is truly a fool.

Moral Development

The elementary years can be considered as a crucial point when it comes to the character formation of a person. This is where he faces new things; knowledge and information that could greatly affect his life in the future. This is the time in the child’s life where he or she develops a concept about what’s good or bad. Because of this, adult intervention is necessary; parents as well as teachers should do their best in supervising every step of development their children undergoes. In Kohlberg’s theory, the time when children enter elementary school is his second in three broad levels of moral development (Boeree, 2003). This is the conventional morality level, wherein the definition of right and wrong would usually depend on â€Å"what the people would say† (Colman, 2001). This part is what requires most adult attention, since they are the ones the children look up to, being the basis of what they would follow in the future. This stage is further divided into two sub-stages. The first stage is the good boy/good girl stage, wherein children try to live up to what others expect them to be, as well as seek their approval in everything they do. It is important for adults to show them the â€Å"right things† because everything they do becomes a basis of the children’s actions. Another sub-stage is the law and order stage, where children now takes a perspective that involves the social system as well, taking into consideration the rules and laws of the society they are living in, as well as the authorities they have to follow. At these elementary years, we can address the teaching of moral development in schools by devising or structuring out what should be taught to these children (Nucci, 2002). At this stage, they should be already provided with the basic laws and regulations that they should follow as a â€Å"good citizen†. These could start by introducing the school laws and regulations and relating it to the laws of the society. Another concern also would be about their teacher. These children’s teacher should be a model they could look up to as a person, so that their concept of conventional morality would depend on what their teachers show them. References: Boeree, C. G. (2003). Moral Development.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 10, 2007, from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsymoraldev.html Colman, A. M. (2001). Conventional Morality. In A Dictionary of Psychology: Oxford University Press. Nucci, L. (2002). Moral Development and Moral Education: An Overview.  Ã‚   Retrieved November 10, 2007, from http://tigger.uic.edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/overview.html       Moral development According to the Social Learning Theory, our moral behavior is shaped by the reinforcement and punishment stimuli through the process of learning. It means that if a child was punished in the past for a certain behavior and is faced with such a situation again, he/she will avoid this behavior. As a social being, a person lives within a group or a community and â€Å"tends to perform actions and behave in a manner conducive to community approval†. The greatest criticism of this theory is that â€Å"it does not provide a proper overall personality assessment†. â€Å"It focuses more on the factors perceived as negative by the learner – it does not account for what may be considered positive.† (Social Learning Theory) According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, â€Å"there are six identifiable stages of moral development† which could be classified into three levels. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) The pre-conventional level. In stage 1, â€Å"people behave according to socially acceptable norms because they are told to do so by some authority figure†. â€Å"This obedience is compelled by the threat or application of punishment.† Stage 2 â€Å"is characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in one’s own best interests†. (Barger, Robert N. A Summary Of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development) The conventional level. In stage 3 individuals â€Å"seek approval from other people’. Stage 4 is â€Å"oriented to abiding by the law and responding to the obligations of duty†. (Barger, Robert N. A) The post-conventional level. Stage 5 is â€Å"an understanding of social mutuality and a genuine interest in the welfare of others.† Stage 6 is â€Å"based on respect for universal principles and the demands of individual conscience.† (Barger, Robert N. A) It appears that people rarely reach stage 6 of this model and Kohlberg â€Å"had difficulty finding participants who use it†. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) â€Å"One criticism of Kohlberg’s theory is that it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values† and â€Å"may not adequately address the arguments of people who value other moral aspects of actions.† Carol Gilligan has argued that the theory is â€Å"male-centric† and â€Å"did not adequately describe the concerns of women†. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) Kohlberg claimed his  six stages are cultural-universal. Simpson (1974) argues that â€Å"Kohlberg’s interview employs analytic and theoretical modes of thought and language such as â€Å"justice, equality and reciprocity at a high level of abstraction† which are not valued by many cultures†. According to Bergling (1981), Kohlberg’s stages 1 – 4 are â€Å"empirically supported in western industrialized countries but findings from the Bahamas and British Honduras fail to support even a stage 4†. (Ma, King Keung Problems In The Cro ss-Cultural Study Of Moral Judgment Development) BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Barger, Robert N. A Summary Of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development, (August, 23 2005) 2. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development,   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg's_stages_of_moral_development (August, 23 2005) 3. Ma, King Keung Problems In The Cross-Cultural Study Of Moral Judgment Development, http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:LAHMEA0UqdAJ:sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/33/3300251.pdf+weak+points+in+Kohlberg%60s+moral+development+theory+&hl=uk (August, 23 2005) 4. Social Learning Theory, http://www.termpapergenie.com/SocialLearningTheory.html (August, 24 2005)                Moral development According to the Social Learning Theory, our moral behavior is shaped by the reinforcement and punishment stimuli through the process of learning. It means that if a child was punished in the past for a certain behavior and is faced with such a situation again, he/she will avoid this behavior. As a social being, a person lives within a group or a community and â€Å"tends to perform actions and behave in a manner conducive to community approval†. The greatest criticism of this theory is that â€Å"it does not provide a proper overall personality assessment†. â€Å"It focuses more on the factors perceived as negative by the learner – it does not account for what may be considered positive.† (Social Learning Theory) According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, â€Å"there are six identifiable stages of moral development† which could be classified into three levels. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) The pre-conventional level. In stage 1, â€Å"people behave according to socially acceptable norms because they are told to do so by some authority figure†. â€Å"This obedience is compelled by the threat or application of punishment.† Stage 2 â€Å"is characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in one’s own best interests†. (Barger, Robert N. A Summary Of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development) The conventional level. In stage 3 individuals â€Å"seek approval from other people’. Stage 4 is â€Å"oriented to abiding by the law and responding to the obligations of duty†. (Barger, Robert N. A) The post-conventional level. Stage 5 is â€Å"an understanding of social mutuality and a genuine interest in the welfare of others.† Stage 6 is â€Å"based on respect for universal principles and the demands of individual conscience.† (Barger, Robert N. A) It appears that people rarely reach stage 6 of this model and Kohlberg â€Å"had difficulty finding participants who use it†. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) â€Å"One criticism of Kohlberg’s theory is that it emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values† and â€Å"may not adequately address the arguments of people who value other moral aspects of actions.† Carol Gilligan has argued that the theory is â€Å"male-centric† and â€Å"did not adequately describe the concerns of women†. (Kohlberg’s stages of moral development) Kohlberg claimed his  six stages are cultural-universal. Simpson (1974) argues that â€Å"Kohlberg’s interview employs analytic and theoretical modes of thought and language such as â€Å"justice, equality and reciprocity at a high level of abstraction† which are not valued by many cultures†. According to Bergling (1981), Kohlberg’s stages 1 – 4 are â€Å"empirically supported in western industrialized countries but findings from the Bahamas and British Honduras fail to support even a stage 4†. (Ma, King Keung Problems In The Cro ss-Cultural Study Of Moral Judgment Development) BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Barger, Robert N. A Summary Of Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages Of Moral Development, (August, 23 2005) 2. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development,   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg's_stages_of_moral_development (August, 23 2005) 3. Ma, King Keung Problems In The Cross-Cultural Study Of Moral Judgment Development, http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:LAHMEA0UqdAJ:sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/33/3300251.pdf+weak+points+in+Kohlberg%60s+moral+development+theory+&hl=uk (August, 23 2005) 4. Social Learning Theory, http://www.termpapergenie.com/SocialLearningTheory.html (August, 24 2005)               

Biography of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico

Maximilian I  (July 6, 1832–June 19, 1867) was a European nobleman invited to Mexico in the aftermath of the disastrous wars and conflicts of the mid-19th century. It was thought that the establishment of a monarchy, with a leader possessing a tried-and-true European bloodline, could bring some much-needed stability to the strife-torn nation. Maximilian arrived in 1864 and was accepted by the people as Emperor of Mexico. His rule did not last very long, however, as liberal forces under the command of Benito Juarez destabilized Maximilian’s rule. Captured by Juarez’ men, he was executed in 1867. Fast Facts: Maximilian I Known For: Emperor of MexicoAlso Known As: Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph Maria, Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph von Hapsburg-LorraineBorn: July 6, 1832 in Vienna,  AustriaParents: Archduke Franz Karl of Austria, Princess Sophie of BavariaDied: June 19, 1867 in Santiago de Querà ©taro, MexicoSpouse: Charlotte of BelgiumNotable Quote: Oh, God, I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king of infinite space, were it not that I have bad dreams. Early Years Maximilian of Austria was born in Vienna on July 6, 1832, the grandson of Francis II, Emperor of Austria. Maximilian and his elder brother Franz Joseph grew up as proper young princes: a classical education, riding, travel. Maximilian distinguished himself as a bright, inquisitive young man, and a good rider, but he was sickly and often unwell. Aimless Years In 1848, a series of events in Austria conspired to place Maximilian’s elder brother Franz Joseph on the throne at the young age of 18. Maximilian spent a lot of time away from court, mostly on Austrian naval vessels. He had money but no responsibilities, so he traveled a great deal, including a visit to Spain, and had affairs with actresses and dancers. He fell in love twice, once to a German countess who was deemed beneath him by his family, and a second time to a Portuguese noblewoman who was also a distant relation. Although Marà ­a Amalia of Braganza was considered acceptable, she died before they could become engaged. Admiral and Viceroy In 1855, Maximilian was named rear-admiral of the Austrian navy. In spite of his inexperience, he won over the career naval officers with open-mindedness, honesty, and zeal for the job. By 1857, he had modernized and improved the navy greatly and had founded a hydrographical institute. He was appointed viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, where he lived with his new wife, Charlotte of Belgium. In 1859, he was dismissed from his post by his brother, and the young couple went to live in their castle near Trieste. Overtures from Mexico Maximilian was first approached in 1859 with an offer to be made Emperor of Mexico: He initially refused, preferring to travel some more, including a botanical mission to Brazil. Mexico was still in shambles from the Reform War and had defaulted on its international debts. In 1862, France invaded Mexico, seeking payment for these debts. By 1863, French forces were firmly in command of Mexico and Maximilian was approached again. This time he accepted. Emperor Maximilian and Charlotte arrived in Mexico in May 1864 and set up their official residence at Chapultepec Castle. Maximilian inherited a very unstable nation. The conflict between conservatives and liberals, which had caused the Reform War, still simmered and Maximilian was unable to unite the two factions. He angered his conservative supporters by adopting some liberal reforms, and his overtures to liberal leaders were spurned. Benito Juarez and his liberal followers grew in strength, and there was little Maximilian could do about it. Downfall When France withdrew its forces back to Europe, Maximilian was on his own. His position grew ever more precarious, and Charlotte returned to Europe to ask (in vain) for aid from France, Austria, and Rome. Charlotte never returned to Mexico: Driven mad by the loss of her husband, she spent the rest of her life in seclusion before passing away in 1927. By 1866, the writing was on the wall for Maximilian: His armies were in disarray and he had no allies. He stuck it out nevertheless, apparently due to a genuine desire to be a good ruler of his new nation. Death and Repatriation Mexico City fell to liberal forces in early 1867, and Maximilian retreated to Querà ©taro, where he and his men withstood a siege for several weeks before surrendering. Captured, Maximilian was executed along with two of his generals on June 19, 1867. He was 34 years old. His body was returned to Austria the next year, where it currently resides in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. Legacy Today Maximilian is considered somewhat of a quixotic figure by Mexicans. He had no business being Emperor of Mexico—he apparently didn’t even speak Spanish—but he put forth a solid effort to rule the country, and most modern Mexicans today think of him not as a hero or villain so much as a man who tried to unite a country that did not want to be united. The most lasting effect of his brief rule is Avenida Reforma, an important street in Mexico City that he had ordered built. Sources MadMonarchist. â€Å"Monarch Profile: Emperor Maximilian of Mexico.†Ã‚  The Mad Monarchist, 1 Jan. 1970.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Maximilian.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 8 Feb. 2019.â€Å"MAXIMILIAN I, Emperor of Mexico.†Ã‚  MexicoOnline.com.

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1413 Words

One of the most famous and iconic heroes in American literature is Atticus Finch, protagonist of the classic 1960s novel To Kill a Mockingbird. For decades, millions of readers around the world have admired him for his bravery and perseverance. The author, Harper Lee, has recently released a sequel to the original novel titled Go Set a Watchman. It discusses the problems that an adult Jean Louise (the narrator of the first book) faces when she returns to her hometown, and how she copes with the changes. One of the major issues she struggles with is finding out that her father, who she believed to have an equal view of everyone, is a white supremacist and racist. Atticus Finch s iconic heroic character is altered and developed using descriptions, actions, and other characters reactions in Harper Lee s novel, Go Set a Watchman. Numerous critics have noted and expanded upon Atticus’ sudden character change in Watchman. â€Å"Finch s previous unflappable patrician calm now gives way to defensive anxiety. He defends segregationist propaganda with titles like ‘The Black Plague.’ He derides the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (N.A.A.C.P.), especially its lawyers. He rails against the prospect of blacks leaving their ‘place.’† (Kennedy). Towards the beginning of the story, Atticus’s character seems the same as is it did in the first book. He’s still a wise and wry person, and he doesn’t seem to mind anything that Jean Louise does. However, as the novelShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former news paper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Moc kingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

The Quantitative Study by Turid Moller and Olav Linaker...

Article Critique In the quantitative study by Turid Moller and Olav Linaker (2010), they examined and compared records of information given by psychotic patients concerning their alcohol and drug problems. In their study, the research question is Do psychotic patients under-assess themselves during early clinical interventions and what are the effects of under-assessment on their treatment outcomes? The null hypothesis is that failing to diagnose and account for substance abuse will not lead to high rates of relapse and hospital readmissions. Therefore, the alternate hypothesis is that failing to diagnose substance abuse will lead to high rates of relapse and hospital readmission. First, the study focused on evaluating the ‘psychometric†¦show more content†¦The techniques used to evaluate and manipulate the data involve linear regression and correlation methods. The researchers chose linear regression and correlation techniques because the analysis involves a comparison of the degree o f relationship between the assessments done by patients and the analysis of clinical officers (Price, 2014). Also, the analysis involved statistical elements such as phi-coefficients and Pearsons correlation coefficient, r. Pearson’s correlation coefficient has been used to test the linear relationship between information given by patients and those collected by nurses. Results First, the study found that the use of alcohol, drugs and stimulants contributed to mental and behavioral disorders in psychotic patients (Moller and Linaker, 2010). Second, the use of self-reports and staff-report screening tools are effective in diagnosing substance use disorders in psychotic patients. For instance, the specificity of the self-report tools are high enough to indicate reasonable accuracy. Third, there is a high correlation between results of the self-report and staff-report tools. For instance, the degree of similarity between the assessments done by patients and clinical officers are more or less the same. Finally, the study realized that some psychotic patients under-report their alcoholic problems whereas fewer patients under-report problems with drugs (Moller and Linaker, 2010). Fortunately, a significant number of the under-assessment is

Occupational Health & Wellbeing for Mindful -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOccupational Health Wellbeingfor Mindful Intervention Answer: Importance of practice: Mindful intervention is useful in providing greater attention to healthcare strategies and increasing awareness of the ongoing healthcare strategies. Mindful intervention has several benefits including improving quality and vibrancy of the current medical practice. Abundant scientific reports are available for the usefulness of mindfulness in improving mental and physical health. Mindfulness interventions are useful in improving cognitive, affective, and interpersonal outcomes. Mindfulness intervention is helpful in reducing pain, stress and anxiety in the patients. It is also helpful in providing wellness and quality-of -life of the patient. Mindfulness interventions incorporate nonjudgmental experience of the current knowledge which provides positive outcome for mental and physical health. Mindfulness intervention based on the theory that most of the people give attention to future and think about the past. Both these aspects give stress to the individual. In such scenario, mindful ness intervention is helpful in reducing pain and anxiety and improving well-being. Mindful intervention has significant application in the occupational therapy like physical rehabilitation from pain. Mindful intervention has critical role in the occupation intervention because there should be integration of mind and body in the occupational therapy. Mindful intervention improves occupational engagement and it is related to the state of timelessness within the ideal expertise or experience of the activity engagement[1]. Mindfulness itself is an occupation and it is useful in improving experiences of the occupational practice. Thinking about the experiences of the illness in pain, would be helpful in understanding importance of mindfulness in pain management. In chronic illness like musculoskeletal pain, there would be loss of control, uncertainty and frequent change in the physical and psychological aspects of the patient. Mindfulness intervention is helpful in stabilizing all these aspects. Chromic pain is always accompanied with negative emotional aspects of the patient and family members. Mindfulness intervention is helpful in stabilizing emotional instability. In patients with chronic pain, there may be sleeplessness, weakness, discomfort, loss of functional abilities and inability to carry out activities of daily living. However, all these disabilities can not be treated by occupational rehabilitation. In such scenario, mindfulness intervention would be helpful for providing holistic care to the patient. Mindfulness can be applicable to different circumstances. Mindfulness intervention is useful in controlling emotions and sensations[2]. Theoretical background: Mindfulness intervention is mainly applied to nonjudgemental current-focused awareness to the complete experience in a stepwise manner. Mindfulness is a self-centred practice, however it exhibits presence in the world. In actual mindfulness practice, focus should be towards breath, body sensations, feelings and thoughts. Along with focusing on awareness of current moment, mindfulness intervention focuses on the attitude for giving attention, patience, sincerity, inquisitiveness and compassion. Discussion and inquiry in the process of mindfulness intervention are helpful in self-discovery and personal growth. Application of mindfulness interventions are gaining importance in the healthcare with the development of newer protocols, applicability of the mindfulness to varied populations and varied symptoms. There is abundant evidence available for the occupational health workers working in the areas of mental and physical health. It is well established that mindfulness is beneficial for the mental health people in improving quality of their life. Mindfulness techniques are directed towards the needs of individual patients. Goals of mindfulness in occupational therapy should be occupational engagement, reduced anxiety and alertness of physical sensations. Mindfulness intervention is similar to the generally accepted awareness-based interventions. Mindfulness intervention helps to tolerate unpleasant symptoms and it would be helpful in the liberation from the painful condition. Basically, mindfulness intervention not only gives training to relieve pain but also incorporates practice to relieve pain. Mindfulness practice gives patient new attitude and perspective to look towards illness and eliminate fear and distress due to illness. Mindfulness intervention deals with the decrease in the physical symptoms of the disease and increase in the broad psychological positive outcomes[3],[4]. Some recommended best practices: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MSBR) involves the meditation for 2 hours a week for 8 weeks. MSBR proved useful in the improving characteristic based mindfulness of the participants. Activities covered under MSBR include body scans, mindful yoga, mindful meditation and awareness of the stress management and health. MSBR is beneficial in giving attention to different parts of the body and current sensations. MSBR studies established that mindful practices learned by the patients can also be applied in the daily lives. Thus, mindfulness can emerge as a new occupation for the participants. Studies conducted on the occupational therapy for mindfulness varied in terms of duration of treatment and frequency of sessions of treatment[5],[6]. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is another therapy which deals with the psychological interventiosns of clinical behavioural analysis and mindfulness procedures. Main goals of these ACT studies are to improve psychological flexibility and in volvement in therapy by accepting painful condition and other psychological experiences[7]. Empirical research: Different occupational therapies were conducted for targeting musculoskeletal and pain disorders using mindfulness interventions. These studies include chronic pain, work related musculoskeletal injury and knee injury. Out of these studies in three studies, significant reduction in the pain was observed in mindfulness intervention group as compared to the control group[8]. In one study, reduction in pain was observed over time however this reduction in pain was not significant as compared to the control group[9]. In one study, mobile phone application was used for mindful intervention. Though, in this study number of participants were less, it was concluded that mindfulness interventions are useful in reducing pain. Along with the usefulness of these mindfulness interventions in primary outcome like pain reduction, these mindfulness interventions are also useful in the secondary outcomes. These secondary outcomes include, augmented acceptance of pain, ease of functioning with pain an d reduced distress and anxiety due to pain[10]. Study was also conducted on people with work related musculoskeletal disorders. In this study, outcomes were based on the trait-level mindfulness of patients. In this study, improvement in the quality of life of the patients with work related musculoskeletal disorders was observed. This outcome was used in the prediction of time until return to work for all the patients[11]. Combination of the traditional rehabilitation therapy and mindfulness intervention proved helpful in the improving rehabilitation process and augmented engagement in the therapy. Integration of mindfulness intervention and physical rehabilitation are proved clinically useful and well accepted by the patients. Integration of mindfulness and physical rehabilitation are helpful reducing pain and maintaining normal functioning despite pain[12]. Evaluation of practice: Evaluation of the outcome of pain intervention should be done in general and specific way. In general evaluation, temperature and general appearance should be evaluated. For evaluating origin of pain, patients should undergo spinal and neurological examination. If there is no pain of spinal and neurological origin, patient should be assessed for localized or referred pain. In spinal examination, inspection of back and neck should be done for deformity and erythema. Spine and paravertebral muscles should be assessed by palpation for tenderness and muscle spasm. Gross motion of the patient with pain should be evaluated. Acceptance of the pain for performing routine activities should be performed by observing motion in pain and asking questions about acceptance of pain. Shoulder and hip examination should be performed in patients with neck and lower back pain respectively. Neurological examination should be performed for sensation and reflexes. In mindfulness intervention of musculoskel etal pain, outcome should be evaluated in both physical and psychological aspects. Psychological aspects include assessment of pain unpleasantness score, acceptance of pain, psychological flexibility, self-compassion and mental score for stress reduction. Pain unpleasantness scores should be assessed to understand the difference between control group and mindful intervention. Laboratory tests and neuroimaging studies also should be evaluated in mindfulness intervention of musculoskeletal pain. Analogue scale (VAS) and numeric rating scale (NRS) should be used for assessing pain in patients with musculoskeletal pain[13]. Description of practice: Mindfulness programme like MSBR should be applied one session per for 8 weeks. In addition to this, there should be daily 30 45-minute practice according to the instructions at home. This programme incorporates, explanation of techniques, practicing of techniques and session for feedback and experience sharing. There should not be any mindfulness intervention in control group. However, control group should receive routine occupational intervention for musculoskeletal pain. This 8 week programme should be scheduled in systematic manner. In first week, there should be introductory session, conceptual framework, rational behind intervention in pain management, fundamentals of mindfulness intervention and explanation of schedule for forthcoming weeks. In second week, there should be explanation of breathing in mindfulness in pain reduction. There should be explanation of two breathing techniques. One should be breathing by formal sitting and another should be anytime and anywhere. Provi sion also should be made in the form Mp3 cd for performing breathing at home. At home, breathing should be performed for 10- 15 minutes daily. In third week, there should be explanation of effectiveness of sitting meditation on pain management. Explanation of practice and procedure for sitting meditation. There should be provision of Mp3 cd for practicing sitting meditation at home. Sitting meditation should be performed at home for 15 20 minutes. In fourth week, there should be explanation of the body scan technique, its usefulness and rational in pain management. Mp3 cd should be provided for body scan practice at home for 20 25 minutes daily. In week 5, there should be advanced body scan technique. In week 6, there should be walking meditation for management of pain. In week 7, there should be elucidation of mindfulness intervention in reduction of pain. There should be instruction about mindful living and exercise. In week 8, there should be summary of all the sessions, feedba ck from the participants and evaluation[14],[15]. Future questions: More validation should be done for the application of mindfulness in the physical disorders like pain management. More focus should be on the evidence based occupational therapies. There is availability of established mindfulness protocols. These protocols should be integrated with occupational rehabilitation for pain management. High quality research should be carried out to address limitations of the current studies. Most of the studies of mindfulness in physical rehabilitation like pain management should be carried out in large number of participants. Most of the existing studies are carried out on the limited number of patients. Hence, most of the results are positive for the mindfulness intervention in physical rehabilitation. Randomised trials incorporating large number of population would be helpful in identifying drawbacks of the mindfulness intervention. It would be helpful in the getting substantial data out of the study. Same protocol for the mindfulness intervention shoul d be applied in different geographic regions, and in different socio-economic classes to get validity of the protocol. Physical diagnosis should also be incorporated in the interventions and it should be carried out in the randomized trials. Training should be provided to the occupation therapist for the carrying out mindful interventions. Mindfulness interventions should be incorporated in the professional curricula of occupational therapist. Continuing education programme and other professional training should be provided to occupational therapist. There should be more development and validation of the clinical practices for integration of mindfulness intervention in occupational therapy. Cost effective methods should be developed for the integration of mindfulness in occupational therapy[16]. Bibliography: Brown, K. W., Creswell, D., and Ryan, R. M (2015). Handbook of Mindfulness: Theory, Research, and Practice. Guilford Publications. Block-Lerner, J., and LeeAnn, C. (2016). The Mindfulness-Informed Educator: Building Acceptance and Psychological Flexibility in Higher Education. Routledge. Cook-Cottone, C. P. (2017). Mindfulness and Yoga in Schools: A Guide for Teachers and Practitioners. Springer Publishing Company. Early, M. B. (2013). Physical Dysfunction Practice Skills for the Occupational Therapy Assistant. Elsevier Health Sciences. Evetts, C. L., and Peloquin, S. M. (2017). Mindful Crafts as Therapy: Engaging More Than Hands. F.A. Davis. Goodacre, L., and McArthur, M. (2013). Rheumatology Practice in Occupational Therapy: Promoting Lifestyle Management. John Wiley Sons. McCown, D., Reibel, D. K., and Micozzi, M. S. (2010). Teaching Mindfulness: A Practical Guide for Clinicians and Educators. Springer Science Business Media.

Accounts Receivable and Income Statement free essay sample

Based on the analytical procedures calculated in parts a. and b. , summarize your observations about Pinnacles business, including your assessment of the clients business risk. d. Go to the Pinnacle link on the textbook Web site (www. prenhall. com/arens) and open the Pinnacle income statement, which is located in the Pinnacle Income Statement worksheet of the Pinnacle-Financials Excel file. Use the income statement information to prepare a common-size income statement for all three years. Use the information to identify accounts for which you believe there is a concern about material misstatements. Use a format similar to the following: Estimate of $ Amount Account Balance of Potential Misstatement e. Use the three divisional income statements in the Pinnacle-Financials Excel file on the Web site to prepare a common-size income statement for each of the three divisions for all three years. Each divisions income statement is in a separate worksheet in the Excel file. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounts Receivable and Income Statement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Use the information to identify accounts for which you believe there is a concern about material misstatements. Use a format similar to the one in requirement d. f. Explain whether you believe the information in requirement d or e provides the most useful data for evaluating the potential for misstatements. Explain why. .:. g. Analyze the account balances for accounts receivable, inventory, and short/current long-term debt. Describe any observations about those accounts and discuss additional information you want to consider during the current year audit. h. Based on your calculations, assess the likelihood (high, medium, or low) that Pinnacle is likely to fail financially in the next 12 months.